Genetically engineered crop plants that survive droughts and can grow
with 70 percent less irrigation water have been developed by an
international team led by researchers at the University of California,
Davis. The discovery offers hope for global agriculture that is already
grappling with limited and variable water supplies.
Research findings concerning the new drought-tolerant plants will be
reported in the Nov. 26 online issue of the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences. In this study, tobacco plants were used as a research
model.

The University of California has filed a patent application on this
technology. The patent application is pending in the United States and in a
number of foreign countries. The patent rights are covered by an exclusive
arrangement between the University of California and Arcadia Biosciences,
which has completed initial outdoor field trials with the drought-tolerance
gene in tobacco.

"This is an exciting development because it opens the door, not only
to producing plants that can survive periodic droughts, but also to reducing
the amount of irrigation water routinely used to grow some of the world's
most important food and fiber crops," said Eduardo Blumwald, a professor and
Will W. Lester Endowed Chair in the Department of Plant Sciences.

Blumwald and UC Davis postdoctoral fellow Rosa Rivero collaborated on
the work with researchers at RIKEN Plant Science Center in Japan; Biology
Department Technion in Haifa, Israel; the University of Nevada, Reno; and
Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Drought and global agriculture

Droughts - prolonged and abnormal shortages of water usually caused by
lack of rainfall - have been a fact of life throughout the ages. But
scientists monitoring global climate change warn that warming trends will
likely result in more frequent and widespread droughts, with serious
implications for agriculture and worldwide food security.

The National Center for Atmospheric Research has reported that the
percentage of the Earth's land area impacted by serious drought has more
than doubled during the past three decades.

"Because climate change is altering rainfall patterns," Blumwald said,
"agriculture must adapt by using strategies that range from changing
traditional farming practices to developing genetically modified crops that
can better tolerate drought and make more efficient use of irrigation
water."

Plants' response to drought

Plants have developed their own biological strategies for coping with
water shortages. In dry regions, annual plants avoid seasonal drought
conditions by having relatively short life cycles and growing quickly during
the wet season.

Furthermore, when water is scarce, plants are able to increase their
chances of survival by minimizing water loss through their leaves,
increasing root growth while reducing leaf growth, and dropping their older
leaves.

Blumwald and colleagues decided to investigate whether it might be
possible to enhance the plant's tolerance to drought by delaying the
shedding of leaves triggered by water shortage. They conjectured that the
loss of leaves was the result of programmed cell death, a process by which
the plant triggers certain genes to initiate destruction of certain cells -
in this case, leaf cells.
Genetically introducing drought tolerance in tobacco

The researchers set out to suppress the programmed death of leaf cells
and equip the plants to survive severe drought conditions.

Tobacco was chosen as an experimental plant because it is big, fast
growing and a good model for many other crop plants. The researchers
inserted into the tobacco plants a gene that interrupted the biochemical
chain of events that normally leads to the loss of the plant's leaves during
drought.

The genetically modified tobacco plants, and the non-modified plants
in the experiment's control group, were all grown in a greenhouse under the
same optimal conditions for 40 days. Water was then withheld from all of the
plants for 15 days, simulating extreme drought conditions.

During the dry period, the non-modified tobacco plants in the control
group wilted, lost their green pigment and progressively deteriorated. The
genetically modified plants, however, remained green and did not display
signs of severe deterioration.

At the end of the 15-day induced drought, all of the plants were
re-watered for one week. The plants in the control group all died, but the
genetically modified plants recovered and resumed normal growth, with little
reduction in seed yield.

"Surprisingly, although the genetically modified tobacco plants went
more than two weeks without being watered, they maintained relatively high
water content and continued their photosynthetic activity throughout the dry
period," said researcher Rosa Rivera.

"In short, with only minimal reduction in yield, these plants survived
on just 30 percent of the normal irrigation water - severe drought
conditions that killed all of the plants in the control group," she said.

The research team is hopeful that similar results will be found in
crop plants such as tomatoes, rice, wheat, canola and cotton. Upon
completion of greenhouse experiments, the researchers plan to carry the
research forward into field trials.

Funding for this research was provided by the University of
California's Will W. Lester Endowment and Arcadia Biosciences Inc.
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