A range of new technologies including genetic modification (GM) and
RNA Interference are being deployed to improve the health of farm animals in
a series of European and global initiatives. The ground was laid for a
European platform to develop new treatments that exploit these technologies
at a recent workshop organised by the European Science Foundation (ESF).
The workshop highlighted the interlocking themes underlying the debate
over livestock disease research, following a series of high profile
epidemics and pandemics over the last two decades, including BSE, foot and
mouth disease, bird flu, and PRRSV (Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory
Syndrome Virus) in pigs, coupled with the public relations problems facing
GM technologies.

It was clear that new technologies under the banner of GM have the
potential to provide disease resistance with huge benefits for human health,
animal welfare, and the agricultural sector, but only if public confidence
can be restored. The ethical and societal dimension therefore featured
strongly during the ESF workshop, according to convenor Bruce Whitelaw, Head
of Developmental Biology at the Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of
Veterinary Studies in Scotland. ?There was a very thought provoking
presentation by Kenneth Boyd (from Environmental Research Institute in UK)
on ?what our conscience wants?. This was one of the scene setting talks and
was intended to make us consider up-front the ethical debate,? said
Whitelaw.

A major issue with GM was that it was deployed too soon with
inefficient, inaccurate technology, and often for the wrong reasons, to
benefit farmers and pharmaceutical companies rather than consumers. But the
technical limitations are being overcome through new methods highlighted at
the ESF workshop. ?There was a very exciting presentation by Chamsy Sarkis
(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in France) indicating the
amazing new technologies and methods for gene transfer. The take home
message is that soon we will be able to engineer the animal genome
efficiently and in a precise manner,? said Whitelaw.

At the same time GM technologies are being redirected towards animal
health and welfare, according to Whitelaw. ?The use of GM in farm species
has been to-date focussed on high value products (e.g. animal bioreactors
producing pharmaceuticals in milk). In the future much more effort will be
applied to improve the health and welfare of animals through GM technology,
with a second important topic being the generation of more appropriate
animal models of human disease to enhance the development of better disease
intervention strategies.?

There has already been some success employing GM techniques to
engineer disease resistance in animals. It is now possible to produce cattle
lacking the gene that makes the prion protein responsible for BSE. Calves
produced this way appear to be completely healthy, suggesting that the prion
protein is not necessary, or that it has back up proteins that perform its
functions. Either way, there is a real prospect of eliminating BSE from
cattle livestock.

In the case of viral disease, other techniques apart from GM may be
appropriate. The huge potential of RNA Interference was discussed at the
conference, whereby the ability of viruses to produce the proteins they need
for replication from the genetic information encoded in their RNA is
blocked. This could help prevent pigs from contracting the deadly PRRSV, or
chickens from getting bird flu.

But much more research is needed, and the ESF workshop helped bring
together researchers with the relevant expertise in Europe. The workshop
identified Europe?s leading position in livestock disease research,
spearheaded by the Scottish Network of Excellence ?Development of Novel
Technologies to Fight Viral Diseases in Farm Animals?, which is a model for
a possible Europe-wide consortium.

The ESF Exploratory Workshop on Genetic Models of Disease Resistance
in Livestock was held in Edinburgh, UK in October 2007.

Each year, ESF supports approximately 50 Exploratory Workshops across
all scientific domains. These small, interactive group sessions are aimed at
opening up new directions in research to explore new fields with a potential
impact on developments in science.


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